Parents as Teachers (PAT)®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research

Child health

Findings rated high

Wagner, M., Clayton, S., Gerlach-Downie, S., & McElroy, M. (1999). An evaluation of the northern California Parents as Teachers demonstration. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Northern California sample	365 children	% = 84.70	% = 86.90	= -2.20	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 year	Northern California sample	352 children	% = 56.90	% = 57.60	= -0.70	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child treated for illness in the past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Northern California sample	365 children	% = 39.30	% = 33.30	= 6.00	Study reported = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child treated for illness in the past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 year	Northern California sample	352 children	% = 51.00	% = 50.20	= 0.80	Study reported = -0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child went to the emergency room in the past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Northern California sample	365 children	% = 29.70	% = 33.60	= -3.90	Study reported = -0.08	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child went to the emergency room in the past year	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 year	Northern California sample	352 children	% = 20.30	% = 24.50	= -4.20	Study reported = -0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Findings rated moderate

Wagner, M., & Spiker, D. (2001). Experiences and outcomes for children and families: Multisite Parents as Teachers evaluation. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. http://www.sri.com/policy/cehs/publications/humanpub/patfinal.pdf.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Child saw doctor for well-child care in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Three-site sample	265 children	% = 91.40	% = 94.80	= -3.40	Study reported = -0.14	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote61 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).
Child was fully immunized	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Three-site sample	265 children	% = 26.30	% = 19.00	= 7.30	Study reported = 0.17	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child went to the emergency room	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Three-site sample	265 children	% = 38.50	% = 50.60	= -12.10	Study reported = -0.24	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote61 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

Wagner, M., Cameto, R., & Gerlach-Downie, S. (1996). Intervention in support of adolescent parents and their children: A final report on the Teen Parents as Teachers Demonstration. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.

Parents as Teachers (PAT)^®

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Child had a regular source of medical care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	1 year	Teen mothers sample	232 children	% = 92.00	% = 94.10	= -2.10	HomVEE calculated = -0.20	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child had a regular source of medical care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Teen mothers sample	192 children	% = 90.30	% = 92.90	= -2.60	HomVEE calculated = -0.21	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Child saw a doctor for well-baby care in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	1 year	Teen mothers sample	232 children	% = 97.40	% = 95.80	= 1.60	HomVEE calculated = 0.30	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote61 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).
Child saw a doctor for well-baby care in past 6 months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 year	Teen mothers sample	194 children	% = 87.10	% = 92.10	= -5.00	HomVEE calculated = -0.33	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote61 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 In contrast to the study-reported results, HomVEE calculations showed this difference to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The HomVEE tests of statistical significance are based on the HomVEE calculated effect sizes, whereas authors may have used other techniques to determine statistical significance, such as regression models or analyses of variance (ANOVA).

Campbell, K. I., & Silva, P. A. (1997). Parents as first teachers pilot programme evaluation : Age three assessments. Final report to the ministry of education on the Dunedin and Gisborne/East coast areas. Wellington: Ministry of Education.

PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Incidence of ear infections	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.70	Unadjusted % = 0.79	Mean difference = -0.09	HomVEE calculated = -0.29	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Incidence of hearing problems	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.08	Unadjusted % = 0.07	Mean difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of health problems children had experienced	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 4.85	Unadjusted mean = 4.91	Mean difference = -0.06	HomVEE calculated = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05	footnote165 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report that significantly more program children experienced bronchitis attacks.
Number of hospital admissions	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.33	Unadjusted % = 0.30	Mean difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.08	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of hospital visits	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.64	Unadjusted % = 0.72	Mean difference = -0.08	HomVEE calculated = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of times children visited a hospital clinic	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.42	Unadjusted % = 0.51	Mean difference = -0.09	HomVEE calculated = -0.22	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of times children visited general practitioner	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.00	Unadjusted % = 0.00	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of times children visited health specialist	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.54	Unadjusted % = 0.51	Mean difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of times children visited other professional health service	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.18	Unadjusted % = 0.15	Mean difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Total number of injuries	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3 years	Dunedin sample	208 mothers	Unadjusted % = 0.42	Unadjusted % = 0.38	Mean difference = 0.04	HomVEE calculated = 0.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

View Revisions